'Woodstein' Expose Watergate

 

Bob Woodward brings the 'wood'

Carl Bernstein adds some 'stein'

The Watergate scandal is undoubtedly the biggest abuse of power in the history of U.S. Presidency, but it's a shame to think that it almost happened without any repercussions. When police officers arrested five men in the Watergate office complex in the nation's capital on Saturday, June 17, 1972, most major news outlets didn't even care. News outlets and government officials alike denounced the arrest as a 'third-rate burglary' but after the relentless efforts of 'Woodstein' and the Washington Post, people became aware of the misuse of campaign contributions, laundered money, political sabotage, deception, and large number of illegal activities committed by our nation's leader!

The Post assigned 29-year old Yale grad Bob Woodward and 28-year old Maryland dropout Carl Bernstein to the Watergate case and their youth and energy proved to justify their positions. Despite their own personal differences (they were a Starsky & Hutch like duo, Wood being the conservative Republican and Stein being the edgy off-the-cuff guy) and intense opposition by the U.S. government these two young studs were able to open Americans' eyes to the scandal that Nixon tried his hardest to hide.

In early August '72, Woodstein reported that the five burglars had been paid at least $25,000 that came directly from Nixon's campaign funds. By mid-September Woodstein was able to report that the former U.S. attorney general had become Nixon's official campaign manager. In early October, Woodstein claimed that Nixon's entire reelection strategy was based on the political spying and sabotage of the Democratic Party, which was being funded entirely by the President and other officials of the White House. Later in October they pinned White House aide Dwight L. Chapin to the political espionage, and by the end of the month they were able to trace the corruption directly to the doors of the Oval Office.

Nixon and his supporters publicly denounced The Post and called it slanderous and malicious in its intent. His aim was to completely dismantle the firm who he felt was dismantling his Presidency. Until early 1973 the only people reporting about Watergate were Woodstein, and they faced heavy opposition that caused the Post to lose money, lose time, yet most importantly lose a lot of their sources and reporters. The only firm source they remained loyal to Woodstein was the most famous anonymous source in the history of American journalism: Deep Throat.

W.Mark Felt was the second highest official in the FBI in 1972 and was a good friend of Woodward's. He consistently confirmed the journalists' findings and made sure they were true before Woodstein went to The Post to print them. Woodward and Deep Throat met secretly, usually in underground parking lots and such to discuss the contents of Watergate. Just in case you were wondering, the secret code name that was given to him was based on the most popular pornographic name of the time, appropriately named Deep Throat.


It wasn't until the judiciary and legislative branch that the Watergate scandal gained steam in the U.S. Supreme Judge Sirica prosecuted most of the people involved in Watergate and carried the same relentless curiosity that propelled Woodstein. From 1973-1974 the collective exposure of Watergate proved the be the greatest example of the four estates of the U.S. working together that we have ever seen. The Executive Branch, Judiciary Branch, Legislative Branch, and the Press all collaborated together to protect the citizens from scandal, which cause Richard Nixon to finally resign on August 9, 1974.

Today, Woodstein are respected as American legends in journalism, standing for all of the people who fight for what they believe in they. They represent the power of the fourth estate, and how it's independent and turbulent research in the last 6 months of 1972 was able to spear-head a Nationwide investigation that caused the entire U.S. government to turn upside down from 1973-1974. For 6 months, two men served as the watchdogs of the other 3 estates, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein.

WOODSTEIN FOREVER

The Faulty Father: Charles E. Coughlin

If we've learned anything in this class, it's the power of exposure and commanding a large audience. Those who can connect with a large audience, those who are exposed to the most people, are the ones who hold the greatest power.

this will be relevant in like 5 paragrpahs

Why, you ask? Because when these people talk their words are influencing millions and millions of people. This concept is best illustrated by the rise of Father Charles Coughlin in the 1930's, who successfully transformed America in to an anti-semitic nation.

Charles Edward Coughlin was born in Ontario, Canada in 1891. He attended multiple Catholic schools and received a divinity degree from St. Basil's Seminary in Toronto. After being ordained in 1916 he quickly earned a reputation as an articulate and dynamic speaker.

35-year-old Coughlin was assigned to be pastor (leader) of a new church in Royal Oak, Detroit in 1926. Shortly after, Father Coughlin approached Detroit radio station WJR in order to broadcast a weekly sermon based on the events and issues of the day. It only took a few months to see his huge success: thousands of letters and financial contributions were flowing into Royal Oak, journalists anointed him as the "Radio Priest", and CBS signed him to a national contract.

From 1926-1940 Coughlin's radio brodacast routinely reached 15 million listeners and sometimes attracted 45 million people, which was more than 1/3 of the country's population! Coughlin's weekly magazine Social Justice had a circulation of 1 million people and he reprinted his radio talks as pamphlets that were sent to his followers free of charge. By 1932 he was employing 100 clerks to process 80,000 letters a week and eventually Royal Oak had to build a post office to expressly handle his mail. Coughlin collected $5 million dollars annually through donations from his followers and used that money to build a church that seated 3,500 (I told you that picture would be relevant!).  His words were heard loud and clear, the only problem is that his words were outlandish

The 'issues of the day' that Coughlin preached about were usually related to the Great Depression and his dissatisfaction with the government. He started coining phrases such as "Christ or Chaos" and "Roosevelt or Ruin" in order to further increase his audience and to enhance the righteous fury he put behind his messages. However, as CBS and NBC tried to silence him by taking him off their stations, Coughlin turned against Roosevelt and created his own political party. His 'National Union for Social Justice; had 8 million members just a  year after he created it, and North Dakota Republican William Lemke was chosen to head the Union Party ticket (Coughlin couldn't because he's Canadian). Coughlin   claimed that he would retire if Lemke didn't win at least 9 million votes in the 1936 U.S. Presidential Election, and did so when Lemke barely even got 900,000.

Coughlin's retirement lasted a few months, he was able to create a new network of 47 stations in 1937 and decided to talk about the biggest issue in the world at the the time, anti-semitism. He began claiming that Jews created Communism, and that Jews were the cause of the Great Depression. According to Coughlin, Jews had been plotting to destroy Christian civilization for years and started carrying out their plan by financing the Russian revolution (which he described as a mass slaughter of Christians), creating and spreading Communism, and rigging the U.S. election to make FDR win.


Finally, opposers began to emerge in 1938 and reporters for the Detroit Free Press called Coughlin's program a weekly attack on the Jews and said Coughlin suffered from a "congenital inability to tell the truth". Coughlin shocked the world when he defended the Nazi persecution of Jews, citing that "Naziism is a defense against communism!". This belief forced many stations to apologize for Coughlin's speeches and dropped Coughlin from their schedule. Even Catholic leaders renounced Coughlin's irrational rants. In a statement read nationwide over NBC, Cardinal George Mundelein said "Father Coughlin has the right to express his personal views on current events, but he is not authorized to speak for the Catholic Church nor does he represent the doctrine or sentiments of the Church."

Believe it or not, Coughlin 'upped the ante' in the summer of 1939 when he urged his Christian followers to attack the Jews. He said it was their moral and religious obligation to protect the world from the Jews by meeting force with force. Groups of men proudly calling themselves "Father Coughlin's brownshirts" attacked innocent jews in the street, often with brass knuckles and knives and showing no mercy. In January 1940, FBI agents arrested seventeen members of Coughlin's Christian Front and charged them with conspiring to overthrow the U.S. government. Large quantities of rifles and explovies had been found in their homes and they were believed to have planned the assassination of twelve Congress members. Coughlin defended these men and urged his followers to support them too.

Creepy pic of U.S. Attorney General
 Francis Biddle

September 1940 was the turning point, as no station in the U.S. agreed to air Coughlin's broadcast. Coughlin was forced to channel all of his anti-semitism into his magazine Social Justice, which was barred from being sent through the mail after U.S. Attorney General Francis Biddle charged the magazine with violating the Espionage Act. In May 1942, Detroit Archbishop Edward Mooney (under indirect orders from Biddle) ordered Coughlin to cease all nonreligious activities or be defrocked. Coughlin tucked his tail inbetween his legs and ceased production of Social Justice immediately. He then went on to live a quiet life in Royal Oak where he rarely mentioned his ridiculous tirade of the 30's and 40's and only told Life Magazine that "It was a horrible mistake to enter politics"






This long and detailed story goes back to what I said in the beginning, big voices will create big effects, and it's almost appalling to see how one man's rants were able to convince hundreds of men to viciously assault innocent and random strangers. With great power comes great responsibility, and when Charles E. Coughlin was given the great power of radio he shamelessly exploited it to be heard and to make a change. A change for worse.

Project One: Putting Slavery Under the Microscope

As we (hopefully) all know, the U.S. took people from Africa in the 18th century and put them into the slave trade, making slavery a common practice for over 100 years. These innocent souls were abducted and brought over to live lives that they could neither expect nor affect, much to the happiness of U.S. farmers. This whole process was represented through a movie series called Roots, which I've provided a link for a clip below:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jW-jH7iaPYw

Starting in the 1820's, journalism helped raise the consciousness of the American citizens and really act as a catalyst for the process of abolition. Two major forces of journalism that did this were the St. Louis Observer and The Liberator.

Elijah P. Lovejoy was born in Maine in 1802. In 1834, Lovejoy's desire to reform the wrongs of society influenced him to start a Presbyterian newspaper called the St. Louis Observer. Slavery soon emerged as the paper's most controversial topic; He often called slavery a 'sin that those who participate must repent'. He felt that slave owners so be sorry and regret their choices and to end slavery immediately.

Lovejoy's views were met with very harsh criticism from his fellow Southerners. The Missouri Republican argued that Lovejoy's paper should be silenced because commercial operations in the South would refuse to do business with Missouri if the state allowed Lovejoy to continue preaching against slavery. They also said that every Missouri citizen had an obligation to stop Lovejoy in order to protect his or her finance as well as their neighbor's.

Despite the destruction of his first printing press, Lovejoy created another and continued to preach against slavery on a national level. His second one was soon destroyed as well, and when he created his third that one met the same doom. As angry Southern protestors continued their crusade for silence by going after Lovejoy's fourth press, the revolutionary writer became a martyr when he was apathetically shot in 1837. This martyrdom and extreme case of abolitionism helped propel thousands of converts in tho the Abolition Movement, showing that Lovejoy did not die in vain.

Widely revered as the most influential abolitionist editor, William Lloyd Garrison founded and became the chief prophet of the American abolitionist crusade during the early 19th century. He was born in Massachusetts in 1805 as a poor boy whose lack of money forced him to leave school at age ten. Helping Benjamin Lundy edit his Genius of Universal Emancipation in Baltimore set the foundation of his ant-slavery beliefs.

In 1829, Garrison set his first attack on Francis Todd, a man who took slaves to Louisiana plantations on his ship, appropriately named the Francis. Todd sued for libel and Garrison was found guilty, which led him to a 49-day jail sentence. This didn't stop him, in 1831 he moved to Boston and created The Liberator.


Through his publication Garrison demanded the immediate emancipation of all slaves. He once wrote "I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice." Garrison's intelligence seemed to be unparalleled, he would exchange his paper for those of 100 other editors, most of whom were pro-slavery. Garrison's paper usually contain such strong demands that these editors would write about it in their papers, giving him an even bigger stage to perform and giving his paper the advantage of rebuttal. His nationwide exposure didn't lead to nationwide popularity, which is clearly evidenced by the $5,000 bounty the state of Georgia offered for him as well as the $20,000 bounty that a group in Mississippi offered. Our nation's capital restricted blacks from reading the paper and U.S. mailmen supported the act of men who went through official mail sacks in order to destroy copies of the Liberator.


In 1835 Garrison was almost killed by an angry mob of over 100 people until an equally angry mob of 100 supporters helped rescue him. Stunts like these enhanced Garrison's radicalism and in 1844 he urged non-slaveholders to secede from the union. He said it was "a religious and political duty" where "the banner of Freedom should be, NO UNION WITH SLAVEHOLDERS." His persistence helped gain more advocators in the 1850's despite having a circulation of only 2,500 readers. Once the Civil War ended and slavery was a thing of the past, Garrison ceased the publication of The Liberator.


These two men's efforts were recognized and eventually vindicated, which proves to power of journalism. In Mightier Than The Sword by Rodger Streitmatter, he suggests that both the Revolutionary War and the Civil War occurred in the same vain. Both had two different economic groups fighting for unity and power that was ultimately fueled by the press' control of the American consciousness. I completely agree with this sentiment and use it to illustrate to non-believers how powerful journalism can be. When the wealthy British were taxing the poor Americans, it was the journalists' stress on oppression and unfairness that drove the minutemen to leave their homes and fight the biggest army in the world at the time. When the wealthy Northerners were impatiently waiting for the South to industrialize and become more profitable it was the journalists' stress on the cruelty of slavery that made citizens get involved and a war occur.

All information in this post was found in the aforementioned book by Rodger Streitmatter.

The Decision

I've decided to use my talents to do Chapter 2, appropriately titled Slavery: Turning America's Conscience Against Slavery. I want to do this chapter because quite frankly I've never done anything on slavery before and I think it's a long time overdue. The Abolitionist movement is in my opinion the most important movement in U.S. history and I am thrilled to become involved with this legendary saga.

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